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Showing posts with label Greenland Sharks. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Greenland Sharks. Show all posts
THIS really is fascinating, some of these fish live over 300 years! And they are huge too! I hope we don't kill them off like we have so many other forms of life. Check this out from Earth.com.....
Greenland sharks cruise the North Atlantic at a pace slower than most people walk, yet some were already adults when the United States was founded.
Their astonishing lifespan has turned this elusive fish into a living time capsule, capturing the imagination of biologists and longevity researchers alike.
Julius Nielsen of the University of Copenhagen leads many of the modern expeditions that tag, scan, and sometimes briefly corral these giants in the icy dark.
Why Greenland sharks live so long
Eye‑lens radiocarbon dating shows females can live at least 272 years, with one specimen estimated at 392 ± 120 years. The method pinpoints birth dates because the lens proteins stop exchanging carbon after a shark pup forms in utero.
“This is the longest living vertebrate that we know of,” said Nielsen, who helped age the record fish. He and colleagues calculate that females do not reach sexual maturity until roughly 150 years, a timetable unheard of in other sharks.
Slow annual growth, barely half an inch, means injuries heal gradually but bones and organs escape the cumulative cellular wear seen in faster‑growing animals.
Researchers suspect a combination of frigid water, low oxygen demand, and genes that police DNA damage all contribute, yet no single “silver bullet” for longevity has appeared.
Greenland sharks have slow heartbeats
Greenland sharks have resting heart rates of about 10 beats per minute and unusually low blood pressure. That’s much lower than what you’d find in other large sharks, and it may help protect their blood vessels from long-term damage like heart attacks or strokes.
Even with such a slow heartbeat, each pump moves a lot of blood, keeping their bodies fueled during slow swimming under Arctic ice.
Doctors are paying attention, hoping this natural “strong pump, gentle pressure” system could offer ideas for treating high blood pressure in people.
Slow bodies save energy
These sharks burn energy very slowly. In fact, their oxygen use is among the lowest ever recorded for a fish their size. That kind of slow metabolism may reduce cell damage over time and help them survive long gaps between meals.
A 280-pound shark might get through the day on fewer calories than a cheeseburger, making a single big meal last for months.
Because the deep Arctic is so cold, they digest food slowly too. Instead of burning energy for speed or growth, they stretch it out for survival.
Why they are toxic top predators
Greenland shark meat is laced with trimethylamine N‑oxide, a compound that stabilizes proteins under high pressure yet renders the raw flesh neurotoxic to mammals.
Icelanders neutralize it through months of fermentation to create the ceremonial dish kæstur hákarl, but few tourists finish more than a nibble.
The species ranks as an apex predator; evidence shows adults seizing fish, squid, and the occasional sleeping seal.
Sightings in the Gulf of Mexico and off Spain reveal a wider range than once believed, hinting at deep‑water corridors that connect polar and temperate seas.
Greenland sharks are at risk
Commercial trawlers unintentionally haul up about 3,500 Greenland sharks each year as bycatch. Because breeding may not begin for a century and a half, losing even sub‑adults chips away at population recovery.
Simple changes, switching to LED‑lit nets that deter sharks, banning deep set gill nets in nursery zones, and funding release‑training for crews, can cut mortality without shrinking catches of cod or halibut.
Scientists also urge Arctic nations to establish no‑take refuges around known mating aggregations once those secret sites are found. Protecting a fish that may still be swimming in 2425 demands policies that look far beyond typical political horizons.
The search for hidden nursery grounds
No one has ever observed Greenland sharks mating or giving birth in the wild. Only one pregnant female has been studied, and her embryos suggest the species may be aplacental viviparous, meaning the young develop inside eggs that hatch within the mother’s body.
Females seem to carry up to 10 pups at a time, but the gestation period could last several years. Without regular breeding or nursery sightings, it’s hard to estimate how often they reproduce or whether their range shifts during these vulnerable periods.
This gap in knowledge makes population modeling difficult. Without better data, scientists can’t say how quickly these sharks could recover if current bycatch trends continue.
Tagging mature females may help reveal mating routes or hidden nursery grounds. Learning how and where they reproduce could play a key role in designing effective marine protected areas.
FROM Sea Shepherd, a very graphic, very disturbing report on the threat to sharks around the world. Keep this report in mind when making purchases of products from, or making travel plans to the countries responsible for the cruelty, waste and slaughter of sharks mainly Japan, prc china, Spain, Greenland, Brazil, Peru, and Costa Rica just to name a few. Note, you need to click the header to go to report on the Sea Shepherd website to view the videos.
Commentary by Kim McCoy, Sea Shepherd Director of Legal Affairs
warning: graphic photos and videos
Shark Tragedies
Whale Sharks -- Sea Shepherd Conservation Society does not agree with the killing of any sharks for any reason, especially when it involves slicing off the fins of a magnificent, gentle, and endangered whale shark and then leaving it to die a slow and agonizing death. To borrow James Franco’s words from the film Pineapple Express, “it’s like killing a unicorn… with a bomb.” Honestly, who could do such a thing?
And yet that’s exactly what happened in the Philippines in February of this year, when a weak and dying whale shark appeared off the coast of Tingloy Island with its fins and tail mysteriously missing. Officials speculated at the time that perhaps the gentle giant had become accidentally entangled in fishing nets and that the only way for local fishermen to “rescue” the poor creature with their bare hands was to cut off its fins and tail. I don’t know about you, but if I ever get into trouble at sea, I’d prefer not to be “rescued” in that way!
It doesn’t take a rocket scientist to conclude that those brutally hacked-off fins were not the result of a rescue attempt; it’s far more likely that this poor whale shark fell victim to human greed. The sad truth is that there is big money in fins, especially those of protected species which are traded on the black market, and even more so for the large and beautiful fins of the gentle whale shark, which can sell for up to $800 per kilogram. Ironically, this tragedy occurred within days of the city of Manila hosting representatives from some fifty countries for the third meeting of the International Cooperation on Migratory Sharks, during which a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed that would extend special protections to whale sharks. In addition, the Philippines are a party to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), and whale sharks are one of only three protected species of large sharks under CITES.
This new MOU has clearly not had the desired impact, as just two months ago, again in the Philippines, an even more egregious slaughter took place. October news reports tell of an angry fisherman who shot a baby whale shark to death after it had become entangled in his fish pen. Police reports indicated that over thirty bullet wounds and multiple spear wounds were found in the baby shark’s body, which was allegedly cut up and divided among the villagers, and one may be certain that its fins were sold for a hefty sum.
Although investigations are underway in both of the above cases, and the murderers, if proven guilty, may face up to four years in prison plus a nominal fine, it is unlikely that justice will ever be served for these poor animals.
Setting aside the illegality of these appalling acts, what makes the senseless murder of a whale shark even more unforgivable is the whale sharks’ truly gentle nature. Whale sharks are filter feeders; they swim slowly at the surface filtering plankton through their enormous gill rakers. They are renowned worldwide for their non-aggressive demeanor; in fact, there is no known record of anyone ever having been deliberately harmed by a whale shark. Sadly, whale sharks are also the slowest swimmers of any shark, and due to their large size and close proximity to the surface while feeding, they are easy targets for opportunistic fishermen who wish to profit off of their beautiful fins. Basking Sharks -- Another gentle filter feeding species, the basking shark, was nearly hunted to oblivion in an onslaught sanctioned by the Canadian government back in the 1940s and 50s. Although minding their own business, basking sharks gained a reputation as a “nuisance” when they repeatedly became entangled in fishermen’s gill nets, causing inadvertent damage to the equipment, not to mention that they were also being killed in these nets.
In 1955, to alleviate this “nuisance,” British Columbia (BC) fisheries patrol vessels started ramming basking sharks with boats and even attaching large blades to the bows of their ships that were designed to slice the sharks in half. This practice rapidly turned into a free-for-all, with people shooting basking sharks with guns, harpooning them, and basically massacring them in any way imaginable. As a result, basking sharks were nearly pushed to the brink of extinction, all in the name of protecting BC’s salmon fisheries—how absurd! Greenland Sharks -- Yet another “nuisance” species, whose only crime is becoming entangled by the thousands in the lines and nets of halibut trawlers that are invading its natural habitat, is the Greenland shark. It was announced in the summer of 2009 that scientists had begun actively researching ways to use the flesh of this shark, whose meat is oily and toxic to humans, to create biofuel by mixing it with macro-algae and household wastewater. The intent behind this plan is no doubt an effort to legitimize the senseless slaughter of this species and the dumping of thousands of these large sharks’ bodies into the oceans, because they are not commercially valuable.
Kesennuma—The Shark Fin Capital of Japan
But perhaps the most mind numbing of all is the sheer magnitude of what is currently happening—and has been happening for years—to sharks in the picturesque Japanese coastal village of Kesennuma. Thousands of sharks a day are butchered in this tiny port.
Last year, while in Tokyo to speak at a shark conservation event, I took a side trip along with Sea Shepherd Associate Director, Alex S. Earl, to conduct an undercover investigation and assess the situation. What we found was truly abysmal and made my stomach turn.
Located on Kesennuma Bay in the northeastern corner of Miyagi Prefecture, the fishing village of Kesennuma is situated on an idyllic harbor with rolling mountains in the background. It is a bustling tourist destination for Japanese people, with warm and friendly locals. It is also home to the only shark museum in the country and bears a striking similarity to Taiji’s relationship with its dolphins, given that the entire town is built around and celebrates sharks, but the fishermen have blood on their hands, as they are responsible for the gruesome mass slaughter of these splendid animals at a rate which will see them extinguished from our oceans completely if allowed to continue.
Fukahire (pronounced “fooka-hear-ay”) is the Japanese word for shark fin, and in Kesennuma’s stores and restaurants, consumers may choose from a vast array of fukahire and other shark products. The options include shark fin soup, shark fin ramen, shark fin tsukune (meatballs), shark fin fish cakes, shark jerky, shark candy, shark shumai (dumplings), shark burgers, shark sashimi, shark sushi, shark fin senbei (rice crackers), dog chew toys (made of shark spinal chords), collagen, capsules, skin care products, purses, wallets, keyrings, belts, and the list goes on and on. Ironically, the largest shark-fin specialty store in all of Kesennuma is housed in the same building as the shark museum.
On the morning of our investigation, Alex and I rose early and showed up at the port around 4:00 a.m. Already, there were ships pulling in one by one, lining up to unload their cargo, and we were greeted by steam rising from the bodies of countless dead sharks, piled neatly in row upon row on the concrete floor. As the sun grew higher in the sky, so grew our disbelief at the scene that was unfolding before our eyes.
Video: Unloading Sharks From Boat
Video credit: Kim McCoy/SSCS (:22)
Photos of Sharks being unloaded from boat Click to view
While there, we made small talk with some of the fishermen and were told that there are more than eighty boats in the Kesennuma fleet. The smaller boats go out for about three days at a time, while the larger boats go as far as to Hawaii, spending approximately forty days at sea (ten days out, twenty days fishing, and ten days back). The boats are labeled with call numbers according to which prefecture is their home base. For example, MG = Miyagi, HK = Hokkaido, etc. It is rare for foreign ships to come to port in Kesennuma.
We were told that many of the fishing vessels go out targeting tuna, but if tuna are not biting, they adjust the depth of their hooks and fish for sharks instead. We saw boats importing huge boxes of frozen tuna from Fiji and Indonesia because, due to fishery collapse, Japanese vessels simply cannot catch enough tuna to meet demand. Japan is also importing sharks from Spain, Brazil, and Peru in order to meet demand for shark products.
Under Japanese law, it is illegal to bring back just the fins; whole sharks must be landed, and they are methodically finned at port. Despite this, we witnessed and photographed ships bringing in large bags containing only fins. Many of the fins are frozen until winter, because it is too humid during the summer months to dry them out in Kesennuma. Some are actually shipped to China to be dried, and then shipped back to Japan for processing.
By far the vast majority of the sharks brought in are blue sharks. Their tails are allegedly the best for soup, and their heads are cut off at sea to reduce weight (this is apparently permitted).
Video: Finning Blue Sharks
Video credit: Kim McCoy/SSCS (:55)
Photos of Blue Sharks being finned Click to view
Another common shark to see at Kesennuma are salmon sharks. We were told that their heads are eaten in Yamagata and Akita—the mountain people like them, because they are oily. Their hearts ("shinzo") are cut out and used for sashimi. We watched in utter disbelief as one after another, the hearts were ripped out of each shark’s bleeding chest and tossed into a crate.
Video: Sorting and Cutting Hearts out of Salmon Sharks
Video credit: Kim McCoy/SSCS (1:08)
We saw other species of sharks there as well, but none rivaled the blue or salmon sharks in number.
Interestingly, Kesenumma’s US-based "friendship port" is Seattle, Washington, which is a stone’s throw away from Sea Shepherd’s international headquarters in Friday Harbor. Another sister/friendship city is Puntarenas, Costa Rica, which was exposed for its shark finning corruption in the award-winning documentary, Sharkwater. A third is Zhoushan, China. One thing is for sure, these “friendship” cities are no friends to the sharks!
The photos and video above depict piles of dead sharks that were taken on one day, in one port, in one coastal city, and in one country. Now imagine this same scene unfolding in multiple cities in multiple countries around the world on a daily basis. How can this possibly be sustainable? It is not! More photos from Kesennuma at end of article.
The Global Plight of Sharks
Global shark populations are in a state of dramatic and rapid decline, with an estimated 100 million sharks killed per year. Many of these sharks fall victim to a barbaric practice known as shark finning. Hooked sharks are hauled onto boats, and their fins (the most valuable parts of the shark) are sliced off while they are still alive. Then, in an effort to conserve space/weight, the helpless animals are tossed back into the ocean where, unable to swim without their fins, they sink towards the bottom and die an agonizing death.
As apex predators who have inhabited our oceans for over 400 million years, sharks are vital to the health of the global ecosystem. They are deserving of far greater respect than to be ripped from the oceans so that their fins may be added to a tasteless (in more ways than one) and expensive soup, a soup which may in fact even be poisoning those who consume it due to high mercury content.
Shark populations are being depleted at a rate that is shocking and completely unsustainable. Current death rates far exceed the reproductive capabilities of sharks, and in recent years, some 90% of the world’s large sharks have been decimated. The environmental ramifications of this impending extinction are quite serious—and a tragic legacy to pass on to our children and the offspring of other species with whom we share this planet. Operation Shark Friendly Sea Shepherd will soon launch Operation Shark Friendly, a global awareness campaign, to help educate consumers and businesses about the desperate plight of sharks—not just those who have been officially listed as threatened or endangered, but all sharks. This campaign will provide the public with the materials needed to help consumers understand that sharks belong in the oceans, in which they play a fundamental role, and not in a bowl on someone’s banquet table.
Imagine a world where sharks continue to grace the oceans for countless years to come—and then do your part to help us achieve this goal!
Stay tuned for more details on Operation Shark Friendly…coming soon.
Whale Sharks
Ironically, this tragedy occurred within days of the city of Manila hosting representatives from some fifty countries for the third meeting of the International Cooperation on Migratory Sharks, during which a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed that would extend special protections to whale sharks. In addition, the Philippines are a party to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), and whale sharks are one of only three protected species of large sharks under CITES.
But perhaps the most mind numbing of all is the sheer magnitude of what is currently happening—and has been happening for years—to sharks in the picturesque Japanese coastal village of Kesennuma. Thousands of sharks a day are butchered in this tiny port.
Global shark populations are in a state of dramatic and rapid decline, with an estimated 100 million sharks killed per year. Many of these sharks fall victim to a barbaric practice known as shark finning. Hooked sharks are hauled onto boats, and their fins (the most valuable parts of the shark) are sliced off while they are still alive. Then, in an effort to conserve space/weight, the helpless animals are tossed back into the ocean where, unable to swim without their fins, they sink towards the bottom and die an agonizing death.
Sea Shepherd will soon launch Operation Shark Friendly, a global awareness campaign, to help educate consumers and businesses about the desperate plight of sharks—not just those who have been officially listed as threatened or endangered, but all sharks. This campaign will provide the public with the materials needed to help consumers understand that sharks belong in the oceans, in which they play a fundamental role, and not in a bowl on someone’s banquet table.
