THERE will be a host of conspiracy theorist, doomsday preppers and right wing fanatics that will seen this case of Ebola in the U.S. as a government plot orchestrated by Obama to wipe out the elderly, the vets, the poor, and to distract from the economic and political problems of the nation and an illegal war in Iraq and Syria. I bet there is already a hot time on the internet tonight. And stupid people will believe some or all of their rants and ramblings and pass them on adding to fear and near panic in some communities. For those who want to know what is actually going on consider these from +NPR and the +PBS NewsHour .....
A patient at the Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in
Dallas has a confirmed case of Ebola, the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention says. He is being treated and kept in strict isolation.
LM Otero/AP
A man in Dallas has tested positive for the virus, the agency said. The man flew to the U.S. from Liberia, arriving on Sept. 20, NPR has learned. He wasn't sick on the flight, and had no symptoms when he arrived.
Health officials have already started reaching out to people who may have come into close contact with the man. The virus is spread only through direct contact of bodily fluids, and it isn't contagious until a person starts showing symptoms.
Update at 7:15 p.m. ET. Handful Of People Exposed
A "handful" of people may have been exposed to the virus, the CDC's Director Dr. Tom Frieden said Tuesday at a news conference. These include several family members of the man and a few people in community, Frieden said.
The man could have passed Ebola to these people during the four days when he was sick but not yet isolated.
But passengers on the plane with the man were not exposed to Ebola, Frieden said. "There is zero risk of transmission on the flight. He was checked for fever before getting on the flight."
The CDC has been planning for an Ebola case in the U.S, Frieden said. And the agency, together with state health departments, has successfully dealt with similar viruses — Lassa and Marburg — on five previous occasions.
"The bottom line here is that I have no doubt that we will control this importation, or case of Ebola," he said, "so that it does not spread widely in this country."
Our Original Post Continues:
This isn't the first time somebody has been treated for Ebola in the U.S. Several American aid workers in recent months caught the virus while working in West Africa and were flown back to the U.S. for treatment.
But it's the first time the disease has been diagnosed in a person in the U.S. The CDC is sending a team to Dallas to work with state and local health officials.
The Ebola epidemic in West Africa continues to grow rapidly. As of Thursday, there have been more than 6,500 cases across Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea. More than 3,000 people have died of the disease, the World Health Organization says.
Specialists studying infectious diseases have predicted for weeks that a few Ebola cases would likely turn up in the U.S. And hospitals around the country have been preparing to diagnose and treat such cases.
Because Ebola only spreads through body fluids, officials say that any case like this will likely be quickly identified and contained, and not lead to a widespread outbreak like the one happening now in West Africa.
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CDC’s Frieden confirms first U.S. case of Ebola is in Dallas
Watch Tuesday’s CDC news conference discussing the first diagnosed U.S. case of Ebola
The first ever case of Ebola in the U.S. has been diagnosed in Dallas.
Centers for Disease Control Director Tom Frieden confirmed the diagnosis in a news conference Tuesday afternoon.
The patient, only identified as a male, traveled from Liberia and arrived in the U.S. on Sept. 20, but did not start showing symptoms until four days later. The patient was later admitted to Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas on Sunday, Sept. 28, and put under isolation and treatment.
The patient had traveled to Texas to visit family members living in the U.S., Frieden said.
There was no other information released as to the identity or the status of his conditon, other than that he was critically ill at this point and under intensive care.
While all other patients treated for Ebola have been sent to Emory University in Atlanta, Frieden said there were no plans to transfer the most-recent patient from the Dallas hospital.
The CDC, along with Dallas County Health and Human Services, will now follow procedure for contact tracing in order to identify all possible persons who may be at risk for Ebola infection because of direct contact with the Dallas patient.
Since the patient did not start exhibiting symptoms until four days after flying to the U.S. on a commercial airliner, Frieden said there was “zero risk of transmission on the flight.”
“Ebola is a scary disease because of the severity of the illness,” Frieden said. “At the same time we are stopping it in its tracks.”
This is how you get Ebola, as explained by science
A
colorized, magnified electron microscope image of the Ebola virus
growing out of an infected VERO 46 cell. Image by National Institute of
Allerfy and Infectious Diseases
As of Sep. 30, the Ebola virus had killed more than 3,000 people in the West African countries of Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea and Nigeria, according to the latest numbers released by the World Health Organization.
As the virus spreads and medical workers feverishly battle to contain it, we wanted to know, how exactly is this virus transmitted from human to human?
What is Ebola?
Illustrations by Ruth Tam
Understanding Ebola requires an understanding of viruses and how they work. “Viruses,” science writer Carl Zimmer writes in his book “A Planet of Viruses”, “can replicate themselves, despite their paltry genetic instructions, by hijacking other forms of life. They… inject their genes and proteins into a host cell, which they [manipulate] into producing new copies of the virus. One virus might go into a cell, and within a day, a thousand viruses [come] out.”
All viruses contain “attachment proteins,” which, as the name suggests, attach to host cells through the cells’ “receptor sites.” This is how they invade healthy human cells.
While
some virus particles are shaped like spheres, the particles that make
up Ebola are filament-like in structure, giving them more surface area
to potentially attack a greater number of cells. Each Ebola virus
particle is covered in a membrane of these attachment proteins, or
glycoproteins.“[The virus] has a tremendous number of glycoproteins, which can increase its ability to affect cells,” said Richard Cummings, chair of Emory’s Dept. of Biochemistry and director of the National Center for Functional Glycomics. “It’s extremely infectious in that regard.”
Imagine Ebola’s glycoproteins as giant oak trees with branches and leaves, said Erica Ollmann Saphire, a structural biologist at the Scripps Research Institute. The Ebola virus has its own critical receptor site, which lies beneath these branches and leaves to avoid detection from the immune system. Each glycoprotein can attach itself to a host cell in a number of different ways, but once its branches fasten themselves to a host cell’s molecules, that host cell pulls in the attachment protein, slicing off its leaves and branches and exposing the trunk, the virus’s receptor site.
“The previously hidden receptor rearranges itself and spring loads like a spear fishing rod,” said Saphire. “It uncoils, springs forward and penetrates the membrane, driving itself into the cytoplasm.”
The cells then internalize the virus, and Ebola’s race against the human immune system begins.
How Ebola moves from person to person
Ebola spreads through direct contact with infected bodily fluids or tissue. The virus can be transmitted when an infected person’s vomit, blood or other fluids contact another person’s mouth, eyes or openings in their skin, said Dr. Ameesh Mehta, an infectious disease doctor at Emory University.
Even after a person has died, the virus persists. In West Africa where funeral rites include washing, touching and kissing corpses by family members, putting the dead to rest can be just as deadly as caring for a living patient.
“Contact with any aspect of it is considered very dangerous,” Cummings said. “Any physical contact.”
Ebola’s
sucker punch is its speed of replication. At the time of death, a
patient can have 1 billion copies of the virus in one cubic centimeter
of blood. In comparison, HIV, a similar virus, has the same rate at the
time of death. But unlike HIV, which only infects two types of immune
cells, Ebola first infects white blood cells that disable the body’s
ability to destroy foreign substances, then seizes nearly every cell
type.“It’s a systemic viral infection throughout your body as opposed to an infection of just your immune system,” Saphire said. “Patients may die before they’re able to mount much of an immune response.”
This process takes anywhere from two to 21 days (though it’s typically between four to 10 days). When the immune system begins breaking down, the symptoms begin to show.
Patients experience fevers, headaches and fatigue early on. After the virus overwhelms healthy cells, they burst, causing a chemical release leading to inflammation. Their remains are taken over by other cells, perpetuating the virus. As the symptoms worsen, patients suffer from bloody diarrhea, severe sore throat, jaundice, vomiting or loss of appetite.
Infected cells that haven’t yet burst carry the virus through the bloodstream to invade different parts of the body like the lymph nodes, spleen and liver. When infected cells attach themselves to the inside of blood vessels, it weakens them, causing fluids to leak. This triggers the uncontrollable bleeding for which Ebola is known, though it only happens for about 50 percent of patients and occurs mostly inside the body.
In fatal cases, blood pressure plummets after blood vessel damage, and death from shock or multiple organ failure occurs within six to 16 days.
The path ahead
Saphire is part of a large, multi-site team made up of 25 laboratories that’s mapping Ebola’s glycoprotein to better understand and defeat the virus. Among the potential strategies they’re studying is an antibody cocktail called ZMapp, an experimental drug that drew media attention after its use on two U.S. aid workers and three Liberian doctors. First developed by the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases a decade ago, this “Ebola serum” potentially works to neutralize the virus by preventing its rearrangement and flagging it for destruction by the immune system.
Clinical trials for ZMapp are set to begin in 2015, but according to Saphire, doses for “experimental compassionate therapy,” treatment provided to critically-ill patients before the drug has been approved, could be ready in three months.
“The central dogma of molecular biology is that sequence dictates fold, which dictates function,” Saphire said. “But Ebola does more with less. While the human genome has 20,000 kinds of genes, Ebola has seven, and by rearranging its protein structure, it can carry out far more than seven functions.”
Ebola, Saphire explained, remodels its molecules “like a Transformer: those toys that unfold and refold to change between a robot and a truck,” she said. “We don’t typically expect molecules in biology to do that. We expect proteins to have one particular form – just the robot. If you didn’t know that the Ebola robot would also refold into a truck, you would design all your drugs against the robot structure.”
In addition, due to its extreme nature, there are far fewer human studies on Ebola than other similar viruses.
“Ebola patients are often too sick to consent to research,” Mehta said. These cases are occurring in poor environments where it’s hard to collect the samples to really understand the pathogens. But hopefully science catches up with the clinical phenomenon.”
While the recent outbreak is not expected to reach far beyond West Africa, researchers like science writer Richard Preston fear the beginning of a more deadly and longer-lasting epidemic if the virus finds its way to metropolitan areas like Lagos, Nigeria, which has a population larger than the state of New York.
Despite Ebola’s pervasive spread, Cummings says the biggest misconceptions are that Ebola is easily transmitted and that the outbreak in West Africa could reach global levels.
While one should still exercise caution, Cummings says the requirement of transmission of fluids makes the disease more difficult to get if you’re not directly treating patients.
“It is more controllable than people realize.”
